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American Homecoming Act
The American Homecoming Act or Amerasian Homecoming Act, was an Act of Congress giving preferential immigration status to children in Vietnam born of U.S. fathers. The American Homecoming Act was written in 1987, passed in 1988, and implemented in 1989.〔(Asian-Nation : Asian American History, Demographics, & Issues :: Vietnamese Amerasians in America )〕 The act increased Vietnamese Amerasian immigration to the U.S. because it allowed applicants to establish mixed race identity by appearance alone. Additionally, the American Homecoming Act allowed the Amerasian children and their immediate relatives to receive refugee benefits 〔 Daniels, Roger, and Otis L. Graham. Debating American Immigration, 1882--present. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001. 〕 About 23,000 Amerasians and 67,000 of their relatives entered the United States under this act. While the American Homecoming Act was the most successful program in moving Vietnamese Amerasian children to the United States, the act was not the first attempt by the U.S. government. Additionally the act experienced flaws and controversies over the refugees it did and did not include since the act only allowed Vietnamese Amerasian children.
==Background==
In April 1975, the U.S.-backed government of South Vietnam fell to North Vietnamese forces. Refugees from Vietnam started to arrive in the United States under U.S. government programs.〔 〕 In 1982, the U.S. Congress passed the Amerasian Immigration Act (PL 97-359). 〔 "History of U.S. Response to Amerasians." University of California Calisphere. January 1, 2011. 〕 The law prioritized U.S. immigration to children fathered by U.S. citizens including from Korea, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand. However, the law did not provide immigration to mothers or half-siblings, only to Amerasian children. Amerasians would generally have to coordinate with their American fathers in order to obtain a visa. This provided a challenge for many since some fathers did not know they had children or the fathers may not be claiming the children. 〔 Yarborough, Trin. 2005. Surviving twice: Amerasian children of the Vietnam War. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. 〕 If the Amerasian children did not have documentation from the American father, then they could be examined for “American” physical features by a group of doctors. 〔 Hoang Chuong, Chung. "The Amerasians from Vietnam: A California Study." Bilingual Education Office California Department of Education, 1994. http://www.reninc.org/other-publications/handbooks/amerasn.pdf.〕 Additionally, since the U.S. and Vietnam’s governments did not have diplomatic relations, the law could not be applied to Vietnamese Amerasian children. 〔 Essentially the Amerasian Immigration Act did little for Amerasian children and even less for Vietnamese Amerasian children.
As a way to address Vietnamese Amerasian children, the U.S. government permitted another route for Vietnamese-born children of American soldiers to the United States. The children would be classified as immigrants, but would also be eligible to receive refugee benefits. 〔 The U.S. and Vietnam governments established the Orderly Departure Program (ODP). The program is housed in the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR). The ODP created a system where South Vietnamese soldiers and others connected to the U.S. war effort could emigrate from Vietnam to the United States. 〔 Initially the Amerasian children had to have documentation from their American fathers to be issued a visa, however the program eventually expanded to individuals that did not have firm documentation.〔 The Orderly Departure Program moved around 6,000 Amerasians and 11,000 relatives to the United States. 〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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